Essay

Never Again

On October 1, 1939 the German Wehrmacht’s advance reached the city of Warsaw, Poland. Over the following months, the Jewish population of Warsaw and the surrounding areas would be forced into a small section of the city dubbed the “Jüdischer wohnbezirk” or “the Jewish quarter,” the Warsaw ghetto. The situation within the ghetto was unbearable: 30 percent of the population was forced to live in 2.4 percent of the city’s area. The Nazi occupiers of the city strictly controlled the movement of goods, basic utilities and even food. Each person in the ghetto was allotted about 250 calories per day. This meant that the population would slowly starve.

Acts of rebellion within the ghetto were brutally suppressed and German retaliation was often strikingly disproportionate. In December 1939, for example, two German soldiers were killed in a local restaurant and 106 men in the ghetto were shot in reprisal. Sweeping mass arrests and random executions were also commonplace. In April 1940 the ghetto was walled off on all sides, effectively separating it from the outside world. The population was allowed limited control through an essentially powerless governing committee and a similarly ineffective Jewish police force.

German troops set fire to housing blocks
Document 87 of 812
German troops set fire to housing blocks in order to suppress the Warsaw ghetto uprising by smoking members of the Jewish resistance out of hiding.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

Palestinian firefighters try to extinguish flames
Palestinian firefighters try to extinguish flames at a medical warehouse after an Israeli air strike targeted a fuel tank nearby in the southern Gaza Strip town of Rafah on Sunday, Dec. 28, 2008. Israel widened its deadliest-ever air offensive against Gaza’s Hamas rulers Sunday, pounding Hamas targets, smugglers’ tunnels and a central prison.
AP Photo/Xinhua

Jews living anywhere in the greater occupied German territories were forced to wear armbands with the Star of David, which signified their position within the Nazi social strata (read subhuman). These armbands effectively determined people’s ability to travel, live and work, as well as the manner in which they would be treated by non-Jewish persons.

Leaving the Warsaw ghetto meant risking death or deportation to a concentration camp. Services such as hospitals and schools were often derelict, relying on an ever-decreasing stream of supplies allotted by the Nazis. The low supplies were often supplemented by goods smuggled in through tunnels, but such services were eventually forced to close.

The citizens of Warsaw organized a resistance movement during the Soviet advance. Their valiant attempt to fight the occupation, however, was brutally defeated and the Warsaw ghetto was razed to the ground. The ghetto’s remaining residents, those who had managed to evade deportation to concentration camps, were killed.

On September 12, 2005 the final Israeli settlement blocs in the Gaza Strip were dismantled and Israeli troops withdrew from the area after 38 years of military occupation. For Israel, the removal of troops signified an end to their occupation of Gaza. For the citizens of the Gaza Strip, however, the occupation had simply progressed into a new phase: the ghetto. The year 2005 marked the establishment of Gaza as an open-air prison for Palestinians.

Palestinian rescue workers carry a wounded prisoner
Palestinian rescue workers carry a wounded prisoner past a fire, as another lies under the rubble in the central security headquarters and prison, known as the Saraya, after it was hit in an Israeli missile strike in Gaza City, Sunday, Dec. 28, 2008.
AP Photo/Majed Hamdan

The bodies of Jewish resisters lie in front of the ruins of a building
Document 358 of 812
The bodies of Jewish resisters lie in front of the ruins of a building where they were shot by the SS during the supression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
[Photograph #26547]
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

Palestinians hold white flags
Palestinians hold white flags as a signal for Israeli troops after leaving their house near the area where Israeli soldiers and Palestinean militants exchange fire outside Jabaliya refugee camp, northern Gaza Strip, Monday, Jan. 5, 2009.
AP Photo/Hatem Moussa

Members of the Jewish resistance captured by SS troops
Document 228 of 812
Members of the Jewish resistance captured by SS troops during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
[Photograph #26544]
United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum

The Israeli government controls the movement of all goods, including food, in and out of the Gaza Strip. A study done by Johns Hopkins University in 2002 showed that 17.5 percent of Gaza’s children aged 6–59 months suffer from chronic malnutrition and almost half of women and children suffer from anemia. These statistics have no doubt gone up in the wake of recent Israeli embargoes. Israel also controls basic necessities like power and plumbing. And of course it controls Gaza’s borders and airspace. The long ocean border, once an extremely viable source of income for Gazans through trade and fishing, is now strictly controlled by Israel.

For the most part, the movement of Palestinians into Israel is strictly forbidden. Until 2005 and the open revolt of Hamas in Gaza, Palestinians living in the territory were issued identification cards by the Palestinian Authority, with ID numbers given by Israel. These identification cards and their color casings determined what rights people had, where they were allowed to travel and, unofficially, how they were treated. Although they are no longer used in Hamas-controlled Gaza, these identification cards are used extensively in the West Bank, where Israeli checkpoints dot the region and prevent Palestinians from traveling freely within their territory. The situation of Palestinians in Gaza is unique: they have no official state and are thus treated as nonentities.

Bodies of Jewish policemen executed by the SS
Document 4 of 812
The bodies of Jewish policemen executed by the SS during the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
[Photograph #05515]
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

Bodies lie outside the Hamas police headquarters
Bodies lie outside the Hamas police headquarters following an Israeli air strike on Gaza City on Dec. 27, 2008.
AFP Photo/Mohammed Abed

Hospitals and schools in Gaza are rarely, if ever, able to keep up with the demands of the population. Supplies to these institutions are controlled by Israel and during times of war are often cut off. Most recently, the Israeli embargo of Gaza struck a blow to the health care system: many essential drugs are unavailable and ambulances have been grounded due to a lack of spare parts. Israeli responses to provocation are wildly disproportionate. In the recent resumption of fighting between Hamas and Israel, the Israeli response to the murder of three civilians by Palestinian rockets was the wide-scale destruction of Gaza, which has thus far reportedly claimed the lives of 670 civilians.

Comparing any event with the actions of Nazi Germany during World War II should never be done lightly. When events lend themselves to such comparisons, however, it can almost certainly be said that something is very wrong. Though the stated goal of Israel has never been the complete destruction of the Palestinian people, the tactics and policies supported by the state of Israel paint an extremely grim picture.

Saeed David Mohammad is a first-generation American born to a Pakistani father and German mother. He is majoring in Middle Eastern Studies at New York University.

THE VIEWS OR OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS PHOTO ESSAY, AND THE CONTEXT IN WHICH THE IMAGES ARE USED, DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEWS OR POLICY OF, NOR IMPLY APPROVAL OR ENDORSEMENT BY, THE UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM

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Adbusters # MAY/JUNE 2009

A New Aesthetic

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September
21, 2009
10:51 am
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It truly amazes me the amount of vitriol being spewed on this message board.

August
11, 2009
08:49 pm
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I have one comment to make: http://www.unwatch.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=bdKKISNqEmG&b=1313923… But we will certanily NOT…take the statement out of the record, will we?
August
02, 2009
03:47 pm
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In his article, “Never Again”, Saeed David Mohammad, tries to establish a connection between the current situation in the Middle East and the mass extermination of millions of European Jews. The title “never again” has become a slogan for the prevention of future genocides following the “discovery” by the West of the mass murder of European Jewry. It should be noted that the public only became aware of the fate of European Jewry in the early 1960s. Before the trial in Jerusalem of Adolf Eichmann, one of the architects of the Final Solution, most of the world was oblivious to the fact that Jews had been targeted for extermination. Mr. Mohammad suggests that the Jewish population in the Warsaw ghetto “was allowed limited control through an essentially powerless governing committee and a similarly ineffective police force.” This may be true but does not tell the full story. Historians have disputed the role of the ghetto Jewish Council or “Judenrat.” Some view these governing bodies as being essential components in the German bureaucracy. By working under the control of the Nazis these governing bodies made it easier to round up Jews for deportation to the death camps. Others see these councils as elements within the community who were trying as best they could to save as many Jews as possible, by agreeing to some Nazi orders while trying to slow down the deportations, as the Germans relentlessly pushed forward with their goal of mass murder. Whatever the case, for the Nazis, the Judenrat became a tool for implementing Nazi orders in the Jewish ghetto. In Warsaw the Judenrat was ordered to supply lists of Jews who were to be sent to extermination camps. The orders issued in July 1942 called for the deportation of all Jews to the East at a rate of about 6000 per day. These people were to be rounded up by the Jewish police force. Adam Czerniaków, head of the Judenrat committed suicide on July 23rd 1942. He had pleaded with the German authorities that orphans be exempt from the deportation but was turned down. In a suicide note he wrote “They are demanding that I kill the children of my people with my own hands. There is nothing for me to do but die”. The writer states that “The citizens of Warsaw organized a resistance movement during the Soviet advance. Their valiant attempt to fight the occupation, however, was brutally defeated and the Warsaw ghetto was razed to the ground.” Not so. The Warsaw ghetto uprising began on April 19 1943 and was crushed about one month later on May 16. 7000 Jews were shot and about 50000 others were deported, many to death camps. At that time there was no Soviet advance as Russian troops were still battling the Germans inside the Soviet Union. The decisive Battle of Kursk, the last major offensive by the German army in the East, was fought in July and August 1943. There was an uprising in Warsaw in August 1944, but this was more than a year after the ghetto was destroyed. Mr. Mohammad also states that “Acts of rebellion within the ghetto were brutally suppressed and German retaliation was often strikingly disproportionate. In December 1939, for example, two German soldiers were killed in a local restaurant and 106 men in the ghetto were shot in reprisal.” I believe the author is referring to the Wawer Massacre, the shooting of Polish civilians following the deaths of the two Germans. There is no evidence that the shooting of those soldiers was an act of rebellion. Most of the dead, following the German reprisal, were non-Jews, although 11 Polish Jews were among the victims. Wawer, by the way, is near Warsaw not in the ghetto. There is now a monument in Wawer commemorating the mass shooting. I have no idea how much studying of the Holocaust Mr. Mohammad has done. I would assume that he looked at some articles on the Warsaw ghetto and included references to forge his link, equating Israelis with Nazis and the Palestinians with the doomed Jews of Poland. It would be helpful if he understood what was happening in Europe in the 1940s. It would also appear that Adbusters did not examine this article but accepted the work because the writer had views that fitted in well with Adbusters’ agenda. Both sides in the Middle East conflict have labeled their enemies as Nazis. But only the Nazis were Nazis. Only they used death camps replete with gas chambers and crematoria in a systematic effort to rid Europe of all its Jews, and ultimately, had they prevailed, the world of its Jews. Both Mr. Mohammed and Adbusters do a great disservice to the plight of the Palestinians. By placing the Holocaust and the Middle East conflict on the same footing, they not only demean the fate of European Jewry during those years but also cast doubt on the current ongoing tragedy. Mr. Mohammad states that “comparing any event with the actions of Nazi Germany during World War II should never be done lightly”. Too bad both he and Adbusters never followed that advice. M
July
29, 2009
02:47 pm
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I guess I just think it’s totally absurd that Zionism is a a legitimate argument for anything. God told them they could have this piece of land because they are chosen, and therefore they can control who lives in it and use violence to defend it? This whole notion of being a “chosen people” just seems sort supremacist in an of itself. Well, if I said that God told me to move into my neighbors house because I was chosen to live there, I doubt my neither my neighbor or the law would be too happy with me or give any credence to the reasoning behind it. I mean, people can believe what they want, but it is totally confusing how developed nation states that claim to eschew religion from policy could recognize the Jews claim to this land based on that reasoning.
July
29, 2009
02:56 pm
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Before people jump all over me for this comment, I’d like to say that I get that there were lots of European Jews who were tragically displaced from their homes and saw 6 million of their friends and relatives die for no reason other than irrational and seething hatred. What I don’t get is why anyone thought it would be a good idea for a Jewish state to be created where people already lived, especially when the people who lived there had bias against them before getting displaced. The only justification is Zionism, and religious arguments like that generally don’t fly in the face of developed Western law.
July
22, 2009
01:03 pm
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Its funny, we can stop fighting in wars, as westerners and europians, but it is AGAINST the rules for true practicing muslims to not kill or convert everyone on the planet. There is quote after quote in the qu’ran, totally within context that encourages killing all those who are not islamic. So yes, we can stop fighting and killing, however the muslim world never will. I admit not all muslims are terroists, but most terroists are muslims. adbusters has become so anti-israeli and biased it hurts. And im sick of their fucking ADVERTISEMENTS for blackspot.
July
13, 2009
01:50 pm
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I wasn’t surprised to discover this biased, misrepresented article was written by a PALESTINIAN. There is no way to be OBJECTIVE when writing about your own people. Case closed.
July
20, 2009
11:58 am
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It wasn’t written by a Palestinian. Learn how to read.
July
15, 2009
05:03 pm
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Saeed David Mohammad is a first-generation American born to a Pakistani father and German mother. He is majoring in Middle Eastern Studies at New York University. Call me crazy but I am sure that does not make him Palestinian……
July
22, 2009
12:59 pm
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sure makes him biased though.
September
22, 2009
02:57 pm
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Tell me where in the media can you find an "unbaised" source?

September
22, 2009
02:55 pm
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Fail.

July
12, 2009
08:22 pm
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The Israeli Govt. is recieving most of the contribution from the United States. Why they control the Palestinians is because the most “powerful” country contributes 1/3 of the United States “people’s” dollar. Every 3rd of your tax dollar goes to the Israelis…Why people allow this is because they are sterotyped to the Palestians. Watch the documentary “Occupassion 101” I recomend it if you have no clue on what goes on over there.
July
22, 2009
01:06 pm
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I think the problem over there is Isrealis just want a home and would stop fighting if they would stop being attacked, while muslims won’t stop killing jews, whether their in isreal or spain or canada. so the jews can stop fighting, sure, but the muslims will never stop killing non-muslims.
September
22, 2009
03:10 pm
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The United States cannot properly function unless it has an enemy and is constantly at war. Neither can Israel as advanced weapons is their biggest industry.

July
29, 2009
02:21 pm
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You are probably mostly right. That being said, it seems like the Middle East was probably a bad place for Holocaust survivors and Jews tragically ousted from their homes to set up their nation state.
July
12, 2009
09:49 am
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No one has been compared to the nazis more often than the state their survivors live in… weird, isn’t it? and when someone says this comparison might be quite inappropriate, he/she is denounced as a zionist or an idf agent…
July
08, 2009
06:34 pm
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Superiority Complex + Persecution Complex + Military Industrial Complex = Slow Gradualised Genocide & Land Theft. Palestinians are offered a choice of “Let us take your land and your life or we’ll shoot you”. Palestinian House Demolitions + Israeli Settler Colonies = Israeli Border Expansion http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2008/sep/11/israelandthepale… Define your borders and them live within them - you racist, lying, Zionist fucks ! So many of you are too pig-headed to imagine that you may have a hand in causing this conflict Thankfully the world is starting to catch on to your insidious PR bullshit (& fuck you for trying it on, frankly) and your utter disregard for wider groups. Your foreign policy and your despicable behavior turns my stomach. Your shitty little secret is out: that Israel is all about slow gradualised conquest. Assholes…
July
17, 2009
04:56 am
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perhaps an anger management course…
July
08, 2009
09:09 am
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This article is biased as fuck. Of course Jews are shown as heartless monsters, because the author is the child of a pakistani immigrant. I wonder what kind of education they gave him at home, antisemitism 101? I’m not saying this could not be true, but, hey, you got to be skeptic with everything, right?. I have my doubts if this article was written with too much passion, and from almost none to zero partiality.
September
22, 2009
03:01 pm
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A Pakistani immigrant would be more likely to write an article biased against India, not Israel.

The muslims in Pakistan are radically different than those in Palestine. So radically different that they blow each other up in Pakistan.

So get your facts straight before you comment.

July
08, 2009
03:00 am
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Err, there are just a few significant differences between Gaza and the Warsaw Ghetto. For one thing, those in the Ghetto were not permitted to leave. Those in Gaza can go anywhere in the world they want to as far as the Israeli government is concerned. It is Hamas that prevents many of them from leaving, and then, Egypt decidedly does not want them, never did, as we know. For another little itty bitty thing, those living in the Ghetto were kept there until they could be shippped out to death camps. And the final itty bitty teeniest tiniest thing, those administering the Warsaw Ghetto were innocents, not enemies of Poland or any other country, had, in fact, attacked no one, while Hamas has murdered countless Israelis AND Palestinians and has committed itself to the destruction of Israel. I mean, like, Duh.
July
29, 2009
02:40 pm
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There are obviously many differences between Gaza and Warsaw. Saying that the two entities are the same was not the point of the article. The article’s point was to demonstrate the forceful confinement of Palestinians by Israelis. The author’s main comparison lies in the unevenness of the force used by the stronger group against a weaker group occupying the same territory. I’m pretty sure that the author made this comparison BECAUSE of its absurdity. As in it’s absurd that a people who have overcome tragic slaughter and discrimination in recent times and within the living memory of its survivors are capable of applying tactics even slightly tinted with an element of racism or discrimination based on the religion or ethnicity into which one is born. Yes, Israel is defending itself against violent religious extremists, but it using extreme violence rationalized by an abstract religious claim to a piece of land.
July
22, 2009
01:07 pm
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well put, very well put.
July
07, 2009
04:57 am
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Zionist trolls post on here to try to bring down Adbusters just like the Zionist elite in Canwest are trying to bring them down. Adbusters is the vanguard. Rock on Adbusters. Never Again! Keep the faith. Recycle “Israel” for peace…
July
07, 2009
11:50 pm
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It’s not all Zionist trolls. I used to read Adbusters, and agree with most ideas in the magazine. However, I’ve always been on the fence when it comes to the Gaza/Israel issue until the last two years, when I’ve read into the issue and visited the region. Hamas has vowed to destroy Israel at any cost. And unfortunately, the ones paying the price are the ordinary people in Gaza. If they spent all those millions of dollars from from neighboring countries on Hospitals and Schools instead of weapons, they wouldn’t be in this mess. And stealing humanitarian supplies from the UN? WTF? Are they trying to starve they’re own people?
July
08, 2009
02:01 am
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Silly, silly, zionist. Coming off as Zionist-lite does nothing for your case. You’re severely misinformed and clearly a Judeo-supremecist. Do some actual research and go to Palestine next time instead of your guided tour by pro-apartheid Settlers. Read your Chomsky. -J. Siebel
July
22, 2009
01:12 pm
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haha clearly a judeo-supremecist? you got all of that from on paragraph this guy wrote? It is coming knowledge that Hamas will stop at nothing to wipe not only israel but jews off the earth, but whenever people bring up the gaza strip all the pro-palestinians conviently ignore that fact. Case closed as far as i’m concerned. Put down the qu’ran, and stop being brainwashed by a violent political ideology disguised as a religion, for like 10 minutes and you might see the real facts.
July
06, 2009
03:28 pm
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its time for jihad on china.
July
06, 2009
03:27 pm
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china just killed more moslems in the past few minutes than israel has in years.

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